Peter Whelan, coin dealer

Tags

coins

Street View: 8 Suppl.
Address: 46 Strand

Peter Whelan, or Timothy Peter Whelan as he was officially called, announced his move from Holborn to 46 Strand in the issue of The Family Herald “for the week ending 31 January 1846”. He did not have this new place all to himself, as hatter John Holbrook was listed for the same address. Tallis listed a Mr. Read, trunkmaker’ at number 46, but the 1843 Post Office Directory gives D’Alembert & Morgan, hatters, although in a list of alterations too late to be included in the directory itself, their new address is given as 20 Regent Street. Whelan made a habit of moving. He probably had not been long at Holborn as he was not yet listed in the 1843 Post Office Directory, and he was not to stay at 46 Strand either. Already in the 1848 Post Office Directory he could be found at 36 Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, but that quickly changed to 44 Great Russell Street (1851 Post Office Directory). In the 1856 directory he is listed at 42 Bedford Street, Covent Garden, but by 1859 he had moved once again, this time to 407 Strand. He shared these premises with Charles Goodman, a bookseller.

silver tetradrachm from the kingdom of Macedonia c.173-167BC, acquired from Peter Whelan (© The Trustees of the British Museum)

In 1847, Peter Whelan had married Eliza Norris and their son, Francis Edward, was born on 17 May 1848. In late December 1849, their daughter Alice was born. Peter died in early 1863 and was buried at Brompton Cemetery. His probate record gives his address as 18 Lisle Street, Leicester Square.⁽¹⁾ Eliza was named executor and she seemed to have sold the business. In an advertisement in The Athenaeum, W.S. Lincoln & Son of New Oxford Street annouce that they have acquired from the executor the copyright of Whelan’s The Historical Numismatic Atlas of the Roman Empire, a chart with coin faces, produced by Whelan in 1855. The business at 407 Strand was taken over by W.H. Johnson.

advertiseing coin for Whelan at Great Russell Street, Opposite the British Museum (Source: ABC Coins and Tokens)

Young Francis Edward was only 14 years old when his father died, so definitely too young to take over the business, but he later followed in his father’s footsteps as the agent for Rollin & Feuardent of Paris, dealers in coins, medals, gems, antiquities, and numismatic books. His name crops up in the collection of the Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum concerning the Pitt-Rivers collection.⁽²⁾ Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers was an avid collector (see here) and was in regular contact with Francis Edward Whelan from 1886 onwards. Whelan not only supplied Pitt-Rivers with coins and antiquities from Paris, but also acted as a go-between for the making of a coin cabinet.

drawing of vase on back of letter (copyright S&SWM PR papers)

In 1892, Whelan supplied a sketch of a vase from Egypt he thought Pitt-Rivers might be interested in. In the early letters to Pitt-Rivers, Francis Edward’s address was 61 Great Russell Street, not far from his childhood home and still close to the British Museum. This is also his address in the 1881 census, but from 1891 his address is 19 Bloomsbury Street, although the British Museum give varying house numbers for Rollin & Feuerdent, see here. And the 1901 census lists Francis Edward and his wife Emma at 6 Bloomsbury Street. Whelan died in 1907 and William Talbot Ready took over the Feuardent agency.⁽³⁾

 

To conclude this post, a few reminiscences by William Carew Hazlitt about Whelan (1897). You can read all of them here.

Many have been the good turns, many the valuable hints and items of information, and many, again, the pleasant hours, which I have spent in Bloomsbury Street. There is a huge black cat there, which is very friendly with habitual visitors; it used to make a practice of squeezing itself into Sir John Evans’s bag, and remaining there, while he stayed.

At Bloomsbury Street is one of my numismatic libraries of reference, to which I have long enjoyed free access. The custodian is not only well versed in coins and other curiosities, but is a reader and a repository of much entertaining literary and theatrical anecdote. I know that I take more than I give; but Whelan now and again consults me about an old book or a continental coin, which he does not happen to have seen.

————-
(1) England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1863. The estate was valued at under £200..
(2) Reference: B448 S&SWM PR papers. The letters from Whelan to Pitt Rivers have been transcribed here.
(3) England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1907. The estate was valued at over £1500.

Neighbours:

<– 47 Strand

45 Strand –>

Edward Clarke, optician and magnetician

Tags

instrument maker, optician

Street View: 81 (Suppl. 8)
Addresses: 11 Lowther Arcade, 428 Strand

Lowther Arcade once ran from the Strand to Adelaide Street. The Strand-side entrance was situated in Lowther House. The lease was to be taken over by Coutts Bank who left the frontage in the original style until 1978 when the present building, designed by Frederick Gibberd & Partners, was opened. Because the building to the left and right are still as John Nash designed them in the 1830s and because Coutts’ glass frontage is completely different from the surrounding premises, it is easy to see where Lowther House once stood. See for a history of Coutts Bank here.

Source: Google Street View

According to Tallis in booklet 13 (Strand Div. 5) Lowther Arcade was “a beautiful passage lighted by a glass roof, and consists of elegant shops. It conducts from the Strand to St. Martin’s Church, and the New National Gallery”. In booklet 81 (Lowther Arcade) he says that it

is short, but for beauty will vie with any similar building in the kingdom; its architecture is chaste and pleasing; its shops well supplied, tastefully decorated, and brilliantly illuminated at night. It forms a pleasant lounge either in the sultry heat of summer or the biting cold of winter. At the western end of this building is situated the Gallery of Practical Science, an exhibition we should particularly recommend to the patronage of the public.

This Gallery of Science was situated at numbers 13 and 14, opposite the shop at number 11 of Edward Marmaduke Clarke, philosophical instrument maker. Clarke was an Irishman who had started out as an optician, first in Dublin, but by the 1830s, he had moved to London where he started working for Watkins and Hill of Charing Cross. While there, Clarke was set to demonstrate electro-magnetic machines and to find a way of producing locomotion by electricity. Not long after, he set up on his own at 39 Charles Street, later moving to Agar Street. In 1835, he brought out a ‘magnetic electrical machine’ for which he was accused of plagiarism by Joseph Saxton, an American instrument maker employed at the Gallery of Practical Science, also known as the Adelaide Gallery. Saxton himself had been into trouble over allegedly plagiarising Hyppolyte Pixii’s machine in 1832, but to this day the jury is still out on that issue and it depends very much on the question: at what point can modifications and improvements be classed as a new invention?⁽¹⁾ In 1837, Clarke, inspired by William Sturgeon in whose Annals of Electricity he had described his machine, founded the Electrical Society of London. The Society first met in Clarke’s shop at number 11, but soon moved to the Gallery across the Arcade.⁽²⁾

Clarke’s machine in Annals of Electricity (1837)

At the time of the 1841 census Clarke could be found at 428 Strand. A trade card in the British Museum shows that he is still working as an optician, but that he is also styling himself as ‘magnetician’, according to the Oxford English Dictionary “an expert or student of magnetism”. Clarke even warranted the earliest reference to the word in the dictionary with a quote from volume 2 of Annals of Electricity (1838): “Had Mr. Clarke, the ‘magnetician’, known that fact, he might have saved himself the trouble.” Sometime in the 1840s, that is before Tallis’s Supplement came out, Clarke branched out into engineering when he became the proprietor of the Rodney Iron Works in Battersea where engines, tools, boats and locomotives were made. Also in the 1840s, he produced a price list of all the instruments he could supply. The symbolic illustration on the title-page showed his electro-magnetic machine in the centre.

Source: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

On the reverse of the title-page, Clarke tells his prospective customers that “in addition to a theoretic knowledge of the principles of their formation and application, he possesses the mechanical capability of constructing them with his own hands, and really makes what he sells”. Customers were also invited to come and have a look in his workshop if they are so inclined. The list has been divided into the various subjects of study, such as mechanics, dynamics, hydrostatics, steam, photography, chemistry, etc. And not forgetting his original occupation of optician by offering glasses, telescopes and microscopes. The whole list can be viewed online here.

In 1855, Clarke showed himself in favour of “the Saturday half-holiday” when a letter by him was read at a meeting to discuss the pros and cons of leaving off work at 2 o’clock on a Saturday. The newspaper article reporting on the meeting stated that “Mr. Clarke, of the Rodney Iron Works, Battersea [bore] testimony to the satisfactory results, so far as his experience went, of early closing on the morals of the work people and the interests of the employers”.⁽³⁾ The idea behind the motion for early closure was prompted by a wish to keep the whole of Sunday available for religious activities if people so wished, which was impossible if that day was the only day on which they had time to buy their groceries. Whether Clarke really thought that people should be able to spend more time in church is not known, but on that occasion the motion was carried and one may assume that the employees at the Iron Works benefited.

Panopticon by T.H. Shepherd 1855 ©British Museum

Despite branching out into engineering, Clarke had not given up on spreading the word of his new inventions altogether. He sold his business in the Strand to Messrs Horne, Thornthwaite and Wood and started on a very ambitious project to build a purpose-built exhibition centre and in 1854, the Royal Panopticon of Science & Art was opened in Leicester Square. The building was a grand affair in the Moorish style with lecture and exhibition halls. After the opening by the Bishop of London on the 18th of March, 1,000 visitors per day could be welcomed, but the interest waned quite quickly and within two years Clarke, who had been the resident proprietor of the Panopticon, resigned. A short time later, the building had to be sold for a fraction of what it had cost and it became the successful Alhambra Palace / Theatre.⁽⁴⁾ There is some confusion over the last address for Clarke. According to the ODNB, Clarke died of apoplexy at 4 Birchin Lane on 26 January 1859.⁽⁵⁾ He was buried on the 31st in Kensal Green All Souls cemetery. His address in the burial record is given as Avoca Villa, Kirk Dale, Sydenham, Kent and B. Gee gives his last address as 4 Grove Park Terrace, Camberwell.

Trade Card E.M. Clarke ©British Museum

On 17 March, 1834, Edward Marmaduke Clarke had married Eliza Henrietta Wilkins Collins at St. Pancras Church. The 1841 census saw them living at 428 Strand with their children Epee (? = probably Ephraim, see below, 6), Ivan (3) and a one-month old baby who does not yet have a name. Eliza died in February 1843 and Clarke remarried Mary Agnes Close on 29 October 1845, again at St. Pancras Church. In the 1851 census the family, Edward (45), Mary (25), Eph. M. (Ephraim Marmaduke?, 16), Jasper B. (5) and Lafsot Blais (?, 2), was living at 5 Beaufort Square.⁽⁶⁾ Another of Edward and Mary’s sons, not mentioned in the census, Caspar Purdon (1846-1911), became the Director of the Art Museum, South Kensington and later Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

(1) Brian Gee, “Early development of the magneto-electric machine” in Annals of Science, vol. 50/2 (1993), p. 101-133.
(2) Brian Gee, “The Spectacle of Science and Engineering in the Metropolis. Part I: E.M. Clarke and the Early West End Exhibitions” in Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, no. 58 (1998), pp. 11-18.
(3) The Essex Standard and General Advertiser for the Eastern Counties, 24 August 1855.
(4) Brian Gee, “The Spectacle of Science and Engineering in the Metropolis. Part II: E.M. Clarke and the Royal Panopticon of Science and Art” in Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, no. 59 (1998), pp. 6-13.
(5) Iwan Rhys Morus, ‘Clarke, Edward Marmaduke (c.1806–1859)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
(6) The names of the children are unfortunately a little unclear in the censuses, so may not be correct.

Neighbours:

<– 10 Lowther Arcade

12 Lowther Arcade –>