Charles Danieli, jeweller

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jeweller

Street View: 41
Address: 315 Oxford Street

Charles Danieli originally came from Italy, but he was certainly in London by December 1819 when his two children Charles junior and Sophia were baptised at St. Marylebone’s. Charles senior and his wife, also Sophia, were to have several more children and the census of 1841 lists Sophia (22 years old), James (20), Frederick (15), William (15), Alfred (7), Cecilia (5) and Rosina (3). Charles junior, who is calling himself Charles George, or Carlo Georgio to emphasise his Italian roots, described himself as a jeweller and lived at 13 Little Titchfield Street with his wife Charlotte Emma Annis. At the same address (all properties in that stretch of Little Tichfield Street housed more than one family) lived Elizabeth Annis (65 years old), Mary Annis (35) and John Annis, plumber (30). They were undoubtedly Charlotte Emma’s mother and siblings as the will of her father John (he died in 1839) names his wife Elizabeth and his son John William, plumber, and gives the address of 13 Little Titchfield Street. Charles Danieli (whether it was senior or junior is not specified) was one of the people asked to confirm that the will was written in Annis’s handwriting.

But back to Charles senior at Oxford Street. Although he styled himself a jeweller, I do not think we should compare him with the ones one now finds in Hatton Garden. Read trinkets and household goods instead of jewellery and you are nearer the mark for Danieli. A number of Old Bailey reports on thefts from his shop tell us what kind of things he sold. In 1824, two looking glasses were stolen⁽¹⁾; in 1833, a tea-caddy⁽²⁾; in 1835, a musical box, silver buttons, silver pencil-cases, a brooch, a hair-brush, knives and forks⁽³⁾; in 1839, a looking-glass and frame⁽⁴⁾; and in 1841, a work-box and some spoons.⁽⁵⁾ What is also indicative of his status – or non-status if you prefer – as a jeweller, is that he is frequently described as a general salesman, even by his own son Frederick when he gave evidence in the 1839 Old Bailey case. And in 1841, when Charles became bankrupt, he is described in The London Gazette as “jeweller, dealer and chapman”.⁽⁶⁾ Danieli ended up in the Debtor’s Prison for London and Middlesex⁽⁷⁾, but he did not have to stay in there for very long, as a year later he is described as “assistent to Charles George Danieli […] jeweller, silversmith, cutler, and dealer in every kind of Birmingham and Sheffield Ware, and Furniture and General Dealer.⁽⁸⁾

The 1843 Post Office Directory does indeed lists Charles senior’s son Charles George at number 315 as jeweller and silversmith, but a few doors away, at number 304, another son, James, could be found as jeweller, silversmith and clock maker. James was not listed by Tallis at number 304; he gives various businesses at that number, among them one Thesher, a silversmith, and one Willey, a print seller. The jewellery trade was kept very much in the Danieli family, as on his marriage certificate (1842) Frederick is also described as a jeweller. When William gets married in 1844, he is given the occupation of watch-maker. The following year, Charles senior dies, just 56 years old; he is buried on 24 August 1845 at St. Marylebone’s. 315 Oxford Street was at some point taken over by the Royal College of Chemistry, although they must have erected a new building, judging by the picture shown below.⁽⁹⁾

Royal College of Chemistry (Source: Universal Resource Management)

Plaque at 315, Oxford Street (now no. 299) (Source: London Remembers)

The 1851 census sees Charles George living in Islington as an artist with his wife Charlotte Emma and their children. The National Portrait Gallery tells us that an album of Charissima Emma Annis, 13 Little Titchfield Street, contains some leaflets concerning Charles George. It is not surprising that they ended up in the papers of the Annis family, considering they were Charles George’s family-in-law. His brother Frederick, by the way, married into the Reeves family which may explain an 1838 invoice that can also be found in the Annis papers for Danieli’s lessons in watercolours to a Miss G. Reeves. The leaflets produced by Charles George and found amongst the Annis papers, show that Danieli was trying to establish himself as a picture restorer in 1846.⁽¹⁰⁾ In one leaflet Danieli says that he is only working for the trade and in another, smaller, leaflet he advertises himself thus:

Carlo Giorgio Danieli, restorer of old paintings after the Italian method, begs to inform those who possess pictures that have suffered by time or otherwise, that his mode of restoring is entirely different to that in general use in England, and far excels it both by reinstating the picture in its original state, and securing it entirely from injury during the process.
C.G.D. being likewise an Artist understands more perfectly the composition of a picture, and in consequence the exact application of the process of restoring it; which he undertakes to perform in a superior manner, let the glazings and finish be ever so delicate. – At the same time it will be found worthy of notice that the terms are much below the usual charges for restoring in the ordinary way.

This leaflet, dated May 1846, has the hand-written address 50 Upper John Street, Fitzroy Square on it, while another copy, with the same text, but undated, gives 81, Newman Street, Oxford Street.

Charles George alleged that he had had 10 years of experience as an artist, especially as a copyist of Italian Old Masters and that he is capable of restoring and aging missing bits of paintings in such a way that no difference can be seen with the original. I don’t know what the good people of the BBC’s Fake or Fortune programme would think of this practise, but in the 1840s, it was quite an acceptable thing to do.
In the 1861 census, we find Charles George in Leamington Priors, Warwickshire, still as a picture restorer. He died 29 May 1866 at Leamington Priors and probate was granted to his widow.⁽¹¹⁾

The Catholic Directory and Ecclesiastical Register, 1851

Brother James at number 304 had died on 27 March, 1847, just 33 years old, but his widow Sophia continued the shop and an advertisement she put in the Catholic Directory shows us what kind of shop it was. I particularly like the combination of ornamental hair-work and engraving. Not quite what you would nowadays find in the same shop as watches and cutlery. Did James take over the business of Thresher who was mentioned by Tallis? And do the engravings the widow mentions in her advertisement have anything to do with Willey, the print seller? I will try and find out and let you know in the (future) posts on these two gentlemen.

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(1) Old Bailey case t18241028-130.
(2) Old Bailey case t18330214-236.
(3) Old Bailey case t18351214-200.
(4) Old Bailey case t18390916-2496.
(5) Old Bailey cases t18410705-1851 and t18410301-900.
(6) The London Gazette, 17 December 1841.
(7) The London Gazette, 25 March 1842.
(8) The London Gazette, 31 March 1843.
(9) C.A. Russell, Edward Frankland: Chemistry, Controversy and Conspiracy in Victorian England (2003), p. 303 (online here).
(10) Westminster Archives, access number 1396/6.
(11) England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1866. His estate is valued at under £200.

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Samuel Mart, fruiterer

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food and drink

Street View: 41
Address: 130 Oxford Street

The shop of Samuel Mart at 130 Oxford Street was a substantial building on the corner of Holles Street. The earliest evidence for the occupation of that shop by the fruiterer is a 1823 list of members of the Horticultural Society, although that was not the Samuel Mart of the Tallis Street View, but his father, also called Samuel. The fruiterer had been in Oxford Street before that, but, as many records do not mention an actual house number, I do not know for certain when he started trading at number 130. At some point (at least as early as 1808, but perhaps even earlier), Samuel senior had been in partnership with another fruiterer, John Dawes at 143 Oxford Street and in 1802 that number is given at the baptism of one of the Mart children. The move from number 143 to 130 probably took place in or just before 1823.

Trade card for Dawes and Mart at number 143 (source: British Museum)

When exactly the partnership between Dawes and Mart ended is unclear, but afterwards Dawes got into difficulties and was declared a bankrupt in 1824. Instead of submitting to his creditors, he fled to Calais, while the fruit business was carried on by his wife. In a case brought by Smallpiece and another, it was alleged that Dawes had been in London several times, e.g. for the marriages of his daughters, and that Mrs Dawes, still at 143 Oxford Street, acted as his agent. Smallpiece tried to charge Dawes with the cost of the fruit supplied to his wife, but the case was dismissed as the plaintiffs could not prove their case sufficiently.⁽¹⁾

Advert in The Morning Post, 22 December 1842

Samuel Mart did a lot better at number 130 than his former partner had done and even received the patronage of the Royal household. In 1844, Mart junior advertised in The Morning Post of 15 November with a fresh supply of New Town Pippins, “superior in flavour to any that have been landed for some years”. They were possibly very good in 1844, but the batch he sold in 1846 was not received as well as he might have hoped. The Hutchinsons, a family of singers from America, were on tour in England in 1846 and on 5 February “on the corner of Hollias and Oxford Streets entered a fruit shop for apples, for small Newtown pipins 3d each (5 cents). Outrageous price! Bought 3 English apples each about the size of a walnut for 3 pennies”.⁽²⁾ It cannot have been as bad as Hutchinson makes out, as the Royal approval would undoubtedly not have been given to a fruiterer who consistently sold inferior produce.

Trade Card for Mart at number 130 (source: British Museum)

Samuel Mart senior had married Ann Grange on 5 January 1800 and their eldest daughter Mary was baptised on 1 December of that year at the Independent Providence Chapel at Grays Inn Lane. In 1802, when daughter Sarah was baptised at Grays Inn Lane, the address of 143 Oxford Street is given. In 1805, there was a change of chapel as daughter Ann was baptised at the Tottenham Court Chapel. Daughters Lydia (1806) and Elizabeth Margaret (1808) are also baptised there, but that chapel did not record the address of the parents. Two more children were born to Samuel and Ann: Hannah Kezia (born 1809) and Samuel junior (born 1811), but I have not found any early baptism records for them. However, in 1824, all five surviving children (Sarah and Lydia died young) were (re-)baptised on 30 December 1824 at St. Marylebone’s.

Samuel junior took over the shop after the death of his father in 1839. Where he is at the time of the 1841 census is unclear, as the only Mart to appear at the 130 Oxford Street address is Hannah. Besides some servants, a Margaret Dawes can also be found there and in the 1851 census, she is described as “cousin” to Samuel, who, with his wife Margaret Elizabeth, is found at number 130. Margaret Dawes is singled out in Samuel senior’s will as one “who has been many years in my employ in my business and has conducted herself to my satisfaction” and if she continued to do so, his wife is charged with giving her “a discrete bequest”. Since Margaret is still living at 130 Oxford Street in 1851, we may assume that she continued to give satisfaction. Was she, by the way, a relation of the former partner John Dawes? And if so, were the Dawes and Marts related by marriage? I have not found any evidence, but it is entirely possible. Also living at number 130 in 1851 is 16-year old nephew Caleb Porter who is later to take over the business of his grandfather and uncle.

Logo from Billhead 1807 (Source: Museum of London Collections)

Three of Samuel Mart junior’s sisters (Hannah remained unmarried) and his own daughter married other London shopkeepers.
In 1834, Elizabeth Margaret married Thomas Porter, surgical instrument maker. Their son Caleb came to work in the fruiterer’s shop and was to continue it after Samuel junior’s retirement.
In 1835, Mary married John Pearson Teede, a grocer at 85 Bishopsgate Street Without.
In 1836, Ann married Charles Baddeley, a boot and shoemaker at 102 Fleet Street. Charles was the son of another Charles who had his shoemaker’s shop at 130 Strand.
In 1839, Samuel junior married Margaret Elizabeth Rippon. Their daughter Margaret Rippon Mart was to marry Ebenezer John Wallis, the son of Edward Wallis, a publisher at 42 Skinner Street.
The family links seem to have been quite close, as they all appear as executors in wills and probate records of their relations. Samuel Mart senior had originally named “his friend” John Baddeley of 84 Oxford Street as his executor, but revokes that and names his own son Samuel and his sons-in-law John P. Teede and Charles Baddeley (the nephew of friend John Baddeley) as executors.

The entry of Mart & Co. for the 1862 Exhibition⁽³⁾ shows that the company had expanded to include a wholesale department south of the Thames and that oranges and apples were no longer their most important commodity, although in 1880, Caleb Porter still styled himself a fruiterer at 130 Oxford Street in the probate record of his cousin-in-law Ebenezer John Wallis, but wines and preserved fruits were apparently deemed the main produce in 1862.⁽⁴⁾ Presumably the new wine department involved more than the orange and ginger wines advertised in 1842. English Heritage have a photograph of Mart & Co’s wine establishment in Castle Street, Finsbury, dated 1893 (see here), which suggests that the firm also dealt in whisky. The National Archives hold a ledger for 1924-1930 for Samuel Mart & Co, wine and spirit merchants (GB/NNAF/C102732), so the firm must have survived at least as late as that. By then, of course, the business was no longer in the hands of Samuel junior, as he had died in 1884 at Sutton Lodge, Sutton-at-Hone, Kent, where he had been living for some time.⁽⁵⁾

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(1) Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the English Courts of Common Law, volume 32 (1838).
(2) Excelsior: Journals of the Hutchinson Family Singers, 1842-1846 (1989), p. 339.
(3) The International Exhibition of 1862. The Illustrated Catalogue of the Industrial Department, volume 1.
(4) England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1880. Ebenezer had died 26 October 1879 at Sutton Lodge, the home of his father-in-law. His estate was valued at under £800.
(5) England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1884. Probate granted to his widow Margaret Elizabeth. The estate vauled at over £26,374.