Swaine and Isaac, whipmakers

Tags

whipmaker

Street View: 23
Address: 185 Piccadilly

On 13 June 1887, Swaine & Adeney wrote a request to J.E. Wakefield, the clerk to the Metropolitan Board of Works, requesting permission to erect temporary seating in front of their shop windows, in order to enable their guests to see the “reception” of 21 June. What they meant was the Jubilee procession to mark the 50th anniversary of Queen Victoria’s reign. An eyewitness report of the event can be found here. The Metropolitan Board quickly responded after receiving drawings of the intended structure and the licence was granted “upon condition that the whole of the works be executed to your [that is the district Surveyor, R. Kerr’s] satisfaction and that the erection be taken down and removed by the owner at his own expense within a period of one month from the 20th day of June 1887”. Swaine & Adeney were not the only ones to put up jubilee seating. A similar, but much bigger structure was put up by the Raleigh Club at 16 Regent Street, and no doubt many more shops applied for similar licences.

vignette in the Tallis Street View booklet with Swaine & Isaac’s shop on the right-hand side

More on the later history of the firm and the various business they took over, such as J. Köhler & Son and Zair Ltd, can be found in Katherine Prior’s In Good Hands: 250 years of craftsmanship at Swaine Adeney Brigg (2012), but here we will mostly concentrate on the earlier history of the firm.

An early trade card with the 238 Piccadilly address (© Trustees of the British Museum)

The Courier and Evening Gazette 19 January 1799

As an early trade card states, Swaine & Co. took over from Mr. Ross, that is John Ross who had had a whipmaker’s business at 238 Piccadilly since 1770. He had moved there after a devastating fire at his old premises in Marylebone Street. Although he became “whipmaker to the Royal family” in 1797, the surveyors for the Crown deemed his shop dilapidated and unhygienic and ordered £120 worth of repairs. In 1798 Ross sold out to whipmaker James Swaine and brewer Benjamin Slocock, the latter the financial partner and possibly a relation of James’s wife. Edward Swaine, James’s son, was later to be apprenticed to Slocock.⁽¹⁾ James himself had been apprenticed in 1782 to Benjamin Griffith, a whipmaker of High Holborn. The Griffiths and Swaines remained in contact after Swaine set up on his own and Charles Griffith was at one point licensed by Swaine to produce some of his whips.

By 1822, the whipmakers had moved from 238 to 224 Piccadilly and were to move again in 1835 to number 185 where Tallis was to find them. Benjamin Slocock had retired from the partnership by then (in 1825 or thereabouts) and was followed by a new partner, William Isaac. James Swaine died in September 1837, but the year before, son Edward had taken up the freedom of the City via the Brewers’ Company, which he could do because of his apprenticeship at Slocock’s. In theory, he need not have done so as Piccadilly does not fall under the jurisdiction of the City, but he probably found it advantageous for other reasons, such as the contacts with other freemen; never a bad thing for a businessman. Also in 1836, James Adeney, the son of Mary Ann Swaine, was apprenticed into the business and he was to become an important part of the whipmakers’ firm. In September 1848, William Isaac pulled out of the partnership⁽²⁾ and Swaine and Adeney continued the business together. As you can see from the family tree below, the Swaines and Adeneys were twice connected by marriage; first of all by the marriage of James Swaine’s daughter Mary Ann to William Adeney and a generation later by the marriage of the two cousins James and Caroline, thereby consolidating the ownership of the business. In 1851 (and indeed in 1861), the census found the whole family, that is: Edward and his second wife Sarah, daughter Caroline and her husband James Adeney and their two young children Edward S. and James W., all living together at 185 Piccadilly.

1851 was also the year in which Swaine & Adeney entered a numbers of whips in the Great Exhibition and they were favoured with a prize medal and an illustration in The Illustrated Exhibitor. The catalogue compared the entries of whips from many countries and said that “perhaps the best show of them all is that made by the firm in Piccadilly, from whose trophy the whip-heads in our engraving have been chosen”. And in 1862, the whipmakers repeated their performance at the International Exhibition at South Kensington. Their entry in the catalogue also listed the address of their depot in Paris, where Messrs Darré & Texier were apparently acting as their agents. The company received many more prizes in other exhibitions and shows, but the 1851 and 1862 were the two most important ones and gained them an influential and international clientèle. The situation of their shop in Piccadilly was a good one, as they were close to all the grand houses in the vicinity and the gentlemen’s clubs, such as Boodle’s and White’s, both in St. James’s Street. They also secured the patronage of various Royals and were not shy in advertising such whenever they found an opportunity.

The Illustrated Exhibitor, 1851

Swaine & Adeney’s entry in Volume 2 of The Illustrated Catalogue of the International Exhibition of 1862

In 1889, the lease on their premises came up for renewal and Katherine Prior tells us that the new lease from the Governors of Bethlehem Hospital was to run for 80 years at an annual rent of £340; not a bad price for such an advantageous spot. The new lease came with a floor plan (Prior’s book, p. 38), but I have drawn the plot in red on Goad’s 1886 insurance map. By the time of this new lease, a new generation was in charge. Edward Swaine had died in 1862 and the sons of James Adeney, Edward Swaine Adeney and James William Adeney, had joined their father in the business. James Adeney died in 1898, which was only a couple of years after the first motor cars appeared on English roads. Cars were to change the business from one that could, throughout the nineteenth century, rely more or less completely on the manufacturing of whips, to one that had to diversify and adept to a changing world and it was not long before they manufactured luggage sets for motor cars, polo sticks, balls and helmets, hunting horns, and, with the amalgamation of Swaine and Adeney with Thomas Brigg & Sons, also umbrellas. More companies were taken over, subsumed, or bought, but if you want more details on all those later changes, I refer you to Prior’s book which does a much better job of telling the later history of Swaine & Adeney than I can do in the limited space of this blog post. I’ll just leave you with a few more pictures and a link to the Swaine Adeney Brigg website (here).

Goad’s insurance map with the premises of Swaine & Adeney outlined in red

trade card which must date from between 1835 when the firm moved to number 185 and 1848 when Isaac retired

advertisement for Swaine & Isaac in the Tallis Street View booklet

advertisement in The Spur of 15 July 1922 where Tallis’s vignette has been carefully copied.

advertisement for mess boxes (Source: Swaine Adeney Brigg website)

(1) His indenture dates from 8 February 1810 and mentions that the contract was taken out for seven years – the normal term for an apprenticeship – and for “no consideration” which is more unusual, but no doubt explained by the partnership between Edward’s master and father. Edward was to obtain his freedom of the Brewers’ Company in 1836, although he could have done so in 1817.
(2) The London Gazette, 9 March 1849.

Neighbours:

<– 186 Piccadilly

184 Piccadilly –>

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Charles Alabaster, bonnet maker

Tags

hats

Street View: 23
Address: 58 Piccadilly

The shop listed in Tallis’s Street View 23 for Charles Alabaster is an example of a business where the name of the original owner remained long after he had died. Charles Alabaster and his wife Mary had four children: Mary Ann Rebecca (born 1805), James Chaloner (1806), Henry (1811) and Katherine (1814), who were all still minors when Charles died in 1820.⁽¹⁾ In his will, written in 1817, he names his wife Mary sole executor and beneficiary, trusting her to do with his estate whatever will be best for “her own comfort and the bringing up of [his] dear children”.⁽²⁾ Mary continued the business under the name of C. Alabaster, straw and fancy hat maker. It is listed as such in the 1841 Post Office Directory, although by then it was no longer Mary who ran the business. She had died in 1838 and after various named bequests, had left the residue of her estate to son James Chaloner on condition that he would make a will “that after providing an interest in the above residue after his decease to his wife and sister in law Frances Alabaster during their lives bequeaths the remainder of the above residue to his children in such proportions as he may think advisable”.⁽³⁾

Straw bonnet (© Colchester and Ipswich Museums)

But James did not survive his mother for very long and died in May 1840, a few months after his wife Harriet (née Woodman; she was the daughter of James Woodman, hairdresser at 46 Piccadilly). He made a new will, dated the 21st of May 1840, in which he left all his property for the use of his three children Charles, Henry, and Chaloner, for whom he appointed his sister Mary Ann guardian. She, her husband Harry Criddle, and their sister-in-law Frances, the widow of their brother Henry, were to be joint trustees. James mentions the business at 58 Piccadilly, which, as long as the trustees thought it profitable, was to be continued by the three of them, but one fourth of the profits thereof was to go to Frances “as a repayment and compensation for her time and labor”. Another fourth part is to go to Mary Ann and her husband and the remaining two fourths are to go to the guardians in trust for the children. He would like one of his children to take over the business with the other two to receive their portions of the estate.⁽⁴⁾ James was buried in All Souls Cemetery, Kensal Green (more on the family grave here).

photograph of Mary Ann Criddle (Source: National Portrait Gallery)

(© Trustees of the British Museum)

Mary Ann’s husband, Harry Criddle, was the son of Harry Holman Criddle, a hatter who had been in partnership with John Breach at 46 New Bond Street until February 1810 when they dissolved the partnership. Harry Holman continued the business on his own, later at 148 New Bond Street.
Mary Ann and Harry Criddle took the responsibility entrusted upon them by her brother seriously and, according to the 1841 census, Charles and Chaloner Alabaster are living with them in Sloane Street. Little Henry was not listed with them that year, but he is ten years later in the 1851 census. The 1841 census found sister-in-law Frances at 58 Piccadilly as straw bonnet maker, but two years later, she also died. She left her property to her father Charles Poppy and named Harry Criddle the executor of her will. The probate record states that, although Frances’ address was 58 Piccadilly, she had lately been staying at 64 Sloane Street, so with Mary Ann and Harry.⁽⁵⁾ The business continued to exist, but had a setback in 1847 when the shop caught fire. The fire had started in the bakery of David Simpson next door, but the fire crew could not prevent it spreading to the Alabaster premises. According to the newspaper report, the damage to the Alabaster shop from fire and water was very extensive, but no more details were given.⁽⁶⁾

photograph of Harry Criddle ±1855 (Source: virtualmuseum.ca)

The tax records show the names of Alabaster and Criddle for number 58 till 1850; the following year, the tax for the property is paid by Emma Gill and Ann Jeffries, fancy stationers, whom we also find at number 58 in the 1851 census. Harry and Mary Ann Criddle, with their son Percy and nephews Charles and Henry Alabaster are found at 115 Piccadilly. Harry is listed as ‘proprietor of houses and superintendent of trade in Leghorn bonnets’. Charles is listed as student of King’s College, London, and he was later to study at Lincoln College, Oxford. He became a priest, from 1859 onwards in Christchurch, New Zealand, and died there in 1865 of tuberculosis. His brothers Henry and Chaloner were both diplomatically involved in the Far East; more on them here and here. So none of the Alabaster children seemed to have had the inclination to continue their father’s straw bonnet shop, but that does not mean that the business was terminated when they went off to their various careers in foreign parts. The 1851 Post Office Directory still lists the business of Charles Alabaster, straw and fancy hat maker at number 58, but in the 1856 Post Office Directory number 58 is no longer mentioned, which accords well with the tax records. However, at number 115, the Post Office Directory lists the firm of Alabaster and Toovey, straw hat makers, certainly suggesting that Criddle continued to work in the straw hat industry. He died in 1857.⁽⁷⁾ Mary Ann retired to Addlestone, Chertsey, Surrey, where she died in late 1880.

The Artist’s Painting-Room by Mary Ann Criddle (© Art Gallery of Ontario)

No more is to be said about the straw bonnet business, but if we go back in time, another aspect of the Alabaster/Criddle family comes to light. The Transactions of the Society Instituted at London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce (1826) listed a prize, a silver palette, for a Miss Alabaster of 38 Piccadilly for a drawing in chalk from a bust. 38 was a mistake for 58 and Miss Alabaster was Mary Ann who continued to receive prizes for her art work, for instance in 1832 a gold medal from the same Society for a historical composition painted in oil. More on her artistic life here. From 1841 onwards, the census entries list her as ‘artist’, and this artistic talent was inherited by her grandson Norman (Percy’s son) who excelled in flower paintings. Percy emigrated to Canada in 1882 and the story of the Criddle family is depicted on the website of the Sipiweske Museum, Wawanesa, Manitoba (see here) Click the ‘thumbnail gallery’ to find more examples of Mary Ann’s and Norman’s art. The Canadian Criddle household was decidedly unusual as Percy not only shipped his wife and children there, but also his mistress and the children he had with her, supposedly as ‘help’ for his wife, later usually referred to as ‘family friend’. You can read more about that side of the story here and here.

flower painting by Norman Criddle (Source: virtualmuseum.ca)

(1) A lot of research has already been done by others on the Alabaster family and I have made grateful use of the information provided on the Alabaster Society website.
(2) PROB 11/1626/227.
(3) PROB 11/1896/183.
(4) PROB 11/1928/288.
(5) London Metropolitan Archives DL/C/518/143.
(6) The Northern Star, 10 April 1847.
(7) England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858. Effects valued at under £3,000.

Neighbours:

<– 59 Piccadilly

57 Piccadilly –>

Henry Alnutt, brush maker

Tags

turner

Street View: 23
Address: 186 Piccadilly

The Tallis Street View just gives the first initial letter of Alnutt’s first name, an H., so it was a bit of a struggle to find out who exactly Alnutt (also Allnutt) was. The first mention I came across was in the Post Office Directory of 1808 for one W. Allnutt, “turner and mat-layer to his Majesty” at 188 Piccadilly. The discrepancy in house number (188 in stead of 186) could very well be due to a change in numbering – a frequent occurrence in 19th-century London – but the initial suggested another family member. An 1825 advertisement for “imperial standard strike and heap measures” in the Chester Chronicle (9 December 1825) gave the name as Allnutt and Son, so presumably W. was the father and H. was the son. An 1831 advertisement in the Morning Post of 31 April for Mason’s liquid for cleaning kid gloves, lists Allnutt as one of the addresses the stuff could be obtained from, but that is even less helpful, as no initial or first name was given.

But, in 1832, Alnutt’s shop window was broken and three boot-hooks were stolen by one John Phillips and during the court case at the Old Bailey the following information was given by Thomas Smart, Alnutt’s foreman:

the dwelling-house is Mr. Allnutt’s; the property belongs to William Allnutt and his son, who is his partner – the house belongs to the father; I do not know whether the rent is paid by the firm – the father sometimes lives at Hammersmith, and sometimes in town; the son’s name is Henry; the father and his family sleep at Hammersmith – the son is married; his wife and family live in the house.⁽¹⁾

So there we are, father William and son Henry are in partnership, or at least they were from (before?) 1825 to 1832 (or perhaps later). The 1841 Post Office Directory just lists Henry, so presumably father William had retired by then.

Turner from Tabart’s Book of Trades, vol 2 (3rd ed. 1806)

Brush maker from Tabart’s Book of Trades, vol 2 (3rd ed. 1806)

William Allnutt was listed in the 1851 census as a 90-year old retired turner who resided at Paddenswick Green, Farm Lane, Hammersmith. He lived to 1856 and in his rather lengthy will he is described as late of Stamford Brook, Chiswick, but now residing in Hammersmith, “being of sound and sane mind and in good bodily health”.⁽²⁾ The will, dated 25 March 1843, mentions quite a number of properties in his possession of which the rent is to benefit his various sons and daughters. In a codicil, dated 10 May 1845, he leaves his furniture to the daughters of his son Henry: Amy Esther, Louisa and Julia. The executors are his son Henry, nephew William Silver of King William street Charing Cross, and Thomas Rawbone, wine and spirit merchant of Tottenham Court Road.

Henry had married Amy Cadbury on 11 July, 1819 at Welwyn, Hertfordshire, and the couple were to have at least three daughters and three sons. What became of them and whether the sons followed in the grandfather’s and father’s footsteps is unclear. Henry was apparently not as good a businessman as father William was, as in 1844 he is declared bankrupt. He is described as formerly of 186 Piccadilly, but late of Bishop’s Walk, Lambeth and now in the Queen’s Prison.⁽³⁾ When he dies in 1862, probate of less than £20 is granted to his daughter Birtha (that is: Birtha Louisa) Bridger, wife of James Bridger, a draper’s assistant.⁽⁴⁾

detail of the vignette in the Tallis Street View booklet showing number 186

It is difficult for us at a distance of almost two centuries to imagine what a shop like that of the Alnutts had in stock, but a lucky find among an acquisition list of the Joseph Downs Collection of Manuscripts and Printed Ephemera at the Winterthur Library gives us a very interesting peek into the shop. The item is a 3-page printed catalogue of the “articles kept by Allnutt and Son, turners, matlayers, measure makers and brush manufacturers”, divided into subsections corresponding to the various rooms in a house.⁽⁵⁾ The blank verso of the last page is used as a receipt for the payment of £1:16 for 4 ivory door handles bought on 24 November 1825, so the list was definitely printed before that date. The shop must have been a veritable treasure trove with an amazing array of goods, ranging from floor mats to toys and from door handles to knitting needles. There are far too many items on the list to mention them all, but I’ll give some examples from each of the subdivisions.

House: bed furniture, bellows, scouring paper, towel horses, rat traps, watch rattles, tea chests, sugar nippers, etc.
Kitchen: sieves, rolling pins, flour tubs, kitchen chairs, sallad [sic.] baskets, egg beaters, cucumber cutters, etc.
Pantry: knife baskets, table mats, wine funnels, corkscrews, wine coolers, travelling cases, hampers, blacking, etc.
Stable: coach mops, horse brushes, scissors, oil cans, dung baskets, rugs, whip cord, stable pails, etc.
Dairy: milk yokes, sieves and strainers, butter scales, butter moulds, cheese vats, etc.
Toilet: hair brushes, tooth combs, scratchbacks, powder boxes, boot and button hooks, tongue scrapers, etc.
Cellar: bottling machines, wine baskets, spigots and faucets, saw dust shovels, brewing sieves, etc.
Laundry: clothes horses, cloth lines, washing tubs, copper sticks, draining baskets, clothes pegs, etc.
Sundries: chessmen (and all sorts of other games), long bows, skipping ropes, dissected maps and puzzles, hoops, candle screens, yard measures, silk reels and winders, fishing and garden stools, paper knives, apple scoops, crimping boards, knitting needles, sponges, umbrellas, crutches for invalids, etc.

And if all that was not enough, a final line advertises “Funerals performed in town and country”. So, although Henry lists himself as ‘just’ a brush maker in the Street View booklet, he – and his father before him – was much more than that.

19th century whalebone and baleen brushes – not by Allnutt! (Source: worthpoint.com)

(1) Proceedings of the Old Bailey, ref. nr.: t18321018-13.
(2) The National Archives; Kew, England; Prerogative Court of Canterbury and Related Probate Jurisdictions: Will Registers: PROB 11/2233.
(3) The London Gazette, 5 March 1844.
(4) England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1862.
(5) Many thanks to Jeanne Solensky, librarian at the Winterthur Collection, for providing me with a copy.

Neighbours:

<– 187 Piccadilly

185 Piccadilly –>

David Simpson, baker

Tags

food and drink

Street View: 23 and 7
Address: corner 57 Piccadilly / 46 Old Bond Street

As mentioned in the post on baker William Henry Simpson, the shop at 391 Strand was first in the possession of David Simpson, probably a relation, but the latter removed his bakery to 57 Piccadilly (or 46 Bond Street as it was often referred to, being on the corner of the two streets) somewhere in the 1820s or early 1830s. David was born in about 1786 and married Agnes Johnston in 1811. They had two children, Isabella Maria (born in 1813) and David junior (born in 1815) who was to follow his father in the bakery profession. At the time of the 1841 census, David senior and junior were assisted by at least nine other male bakers and three female (shop) assistants. Isabella is also still living at home, but Agnes is no longer mentioned. David senior dies in late 1842 or early 1843; probate is granted 23 January 1843.⁽¹⁾

biscuit tins ca. 1890 ©Victoria and Albert Museum

David junior continues the bakery, but a few years later, in April 1847 disaster strikes. On a Sunday morning at about eight o’clock, fire broke out in the “extensive range of premises belonging to Mr. Simpson, bread and biscuit maker”. The fire was discovered by a passer-by, but the flames had by then already taken hold of most of the lower floor. The occupants were alerted and made their way out of the building with difficulty; two of the journeymen escaped with nothing more than their night clothes. The newspaper report⁽²⁾ mentions that the “fire-plugs” yielded enough water for the fire-engines to throw on the flames, or, as the newspaper phrased it: “copious streams of the antagonistic element were scattered over the flames”. Unfortunately, the firemen could not prevent the fire reaching the roof from which it spread to the neighbouring property at 58 Piccadilly, the shop of Alabaster, bonnet maker.

The Observer, 11 April 1847

The fire was extinguished by about ten o’clock when the full damage could be ascertained. Simpson’s bakery was severely damaged, and his personal furniture had for a large part gone up in flames. Alabaster’s shop also suffered greatly by fire and water. The property around the corner in Bond Street, belonging to Messrs Judd and Son, boot and shoemakers, was damaged by water, but they were insured, unlike Simpson who was not. Another report said that although he was not personally insured, the building itself was.⁽³⁾ Simpson rebuilt the bakery, but a little over a year later he died⁽⁴⁾ and the business was taken over by George Frederick and Edward Jobbins. Their partnership only lasted until 25 March 1850 when it was dissolved by mutual consent.⁽⁵⁾

George Frederick stayed at the Piccadilly / Bond Street premises and Edward moved out. The 1851 census shows George Frederick at the address, together with his wife Jane, sons Henry and George, his widowed mother (or mother-in-law; it is not clear as she uses a different last name) and a house servant, two shop girls and eight male bakers. In 1852, he deems it necessary to put in an advert stating that the bread made at his establishment “is warranted to be quite free from adulteration” and made with the flour provided by Mr. Dives of Battersea “whose flour was pronounced by the Analytical Commission to be quite pure”.⁽⁶⁾ Had someone been making accusations? And while Jobbins is guaranteeing the flour he uses, he also takes the opportunity to tell his customers that his dry biscuits are warranted to remain in good condition for twelve months if kept in the boxes provided and free from damp and “boxes allowed for when returned”.

Dives’ horizontal mill at Battersea, copy of an illustration in E. Walford, Old and New London, vol. 6. Photo credit: Wandsworth Museum via BBC Your Paintings. The top of the windmill had been taken down in about 1825 and the work was from then on done by a steam engine.

The next census return for G.F. Jobbins (1861) is fairly unreadable, but he can no longer be found at Piccadilly, but at Montpellier Vale, Blackheath, Lewisham. He is still a baker, his sons and daughter and several other bakers are listed for the business, but why Blackheath? The lease for 21 (was 1) Montpellier Vale had been in the possession of John Dalton, a grocer, since 1851, but after a few years, he advertised the shop for sale with the lease as “recently erected […] spacious lofty corner shop and fine spring water”.⁽⁷⁾ Spring water was no doubt of great use to a baker and this asset may have determined Jobbins to move to Blackheath. From the 1850s, the suburbs of London grew rapidly and Blackheath was no exception. The additional number of customers ensured that Jobbins’ business prospered despite the competition of other bakers in the area. In 1880, George Frederick handed the bakery over to his son Stephen, whom we see in the 1881 census as a 28-year old “baker & confectioner employing 11 men & 1 boy”. George Frederick, a widower, can be found at Milsey Lodge in Islington, living with his daughter Jane and her husband George Drysdale, a Presbyterian minister from Scotland. George Frederick died in 1895 in Bournemouth. A family tree of the Jobbinses can be found here (Ancestry members only).⁽⁹⁾

Jobbins’ shop at 6-7 Brunswick Place (with thanks to chrisj60)

Stephen did not stick to baking bread and biscuits. He also acted as an agent for domestic staff and started up a catering business, not just supplying the food for functions, but also the cutlery and crockery needed and the entertainment itself, from conjurors to dance orchestras.⁽⁸⁾ In 1900, Stephen signed over the lease of Montpellier Vale to a hosier and just concentrated on his other premises at 7 and 9 Blackheath Village (then 6-7 Brunswick Place). But within a very short time, he had expanded that shop once again to include a “Luncheon and Oriental Tea Room”. Eventually he had five branches in Lewisham, Lee, Eltham and Mottingham and – as these things go – was eventually taken over by even bigger companies.

(1) PROB 11/1974/118.
(2) Northern Star, 10 April 1847.
(3) The Observer, 11 April 1847.
(4) He was buried 20 June 1848 at Hillingdon, just 33 years old.
(5) London Gazette, 29 March 1850.
(6) The Spectator, 21 February 1852. Jobbins refers to Food and the Adulterations; Comprising the Reports of the Analytical Sanitary Commission of “The Lancet” for the Years 1851 to 1854 inclusive (1855) who pronounce that Dives’ flour “does not contain alum”.
(7) N. Rhind, Blackheath Village and Environs, 1790-1970, vol. 1 (1976), p. 60-61.
(8) idem, p. 38.
(9) Family tree owned by chrisj60 and published at Ancestry.co.uk. Many thanks to Christina for allowing me to use the photo of the bakery.

Neighbours:

<– 58 Piccadilly

56 Piccadilly –> 45 Old Bond Street –>